Emperor penguin research in the Antarctic
Keeping birds in a corral, even for a short period of time, requires a lot of work. The dive holes have to be maintained or they will freeze shut, the snow that the birds lie on needs to be cleaned daily, and their snow wall, which the birds like to climb on (and eat) needs frequent renewal.
Brendan hauling away the ice from the dive holes.
Cutting new snow blocks for the wall
Paul and Kozue cleaning the corral with a watchful audience.
Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. 2008. The initial journey of juvenile emperor penguins. Aquatic Conservation: Marine and Freshwater Ecosystems 17: 537-543.
Meir, J.U., Stockard, T.K., Williams, C.L., Ponganis, K.V., and Ponganis, P.J. 2008. Heart rate regulation and extreme bradycardia in diving emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental. Biology, 211, 1169-1179.
Barber-Meyer, S.M., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. 2008. Trends in western Ross Sea emperor penguin chick abundances and their relationship to climate. Antarctic Science 20: 3-11.
Ponganis, P.J., Stockard, T.K., Meir, J.U., Williams, C.L., Ponganis, K.V., van Dam, R.P., and Howard, R. 2007. Returning on empty: extreme blood O2 depletion underlies dive capacity of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental. Biology, 210: 4279-4285.
Ponganis, P.J. and Stockard, T. K. 2007. The Antarctic toothfish: how common a prey for Weddell seals? Antarctic Science 19: 441-442.
Barber-Meyer, S.M., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. 2007. Estimating the relative abundance of emperor penguins at inaccessible colonies using satellite imagery. Polar Biology 30: 1565-1570.
Ponganis, P.J. 2007. Bio-logging of physiological parameters in higher marine vertebrates. Deep-Sea Reseearch II 54: 183-192.
Kooyman, G.L., Ainley, D.G., Ballard, G., and Ponganis, P.J. 2007 Effects of giant icebergs on two emperor penguin colonies in the Ross Sea, Antarctica. Antarctic Science 19: 31-38.
Stockard, T. Knower, Heil, J., Meir, J.U., Sato, K., Ponganis, K.V., and Ponganis, P.J. 2005. Air sac PO2 and oxygen depletion during dives of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 2973- 2980.
Sato, K., Ponganis, P.J., Habara, Y., and Naito, Y. 2005. Emperor penguins adjust swim speed according to the above-water height of ice holes through which they exit. Journal of Experimental Biology 208: 2549-2554.
Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. 2004. The icing of external recorders during the polar winter. In Naito, Y. Bio-Logging Science. Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue No. 58: 183-187. National Institute of Polar Research. Tokyo.
Ponganis, P.J., van Dam, R.P., Knower, T., Levenson, D.H., and Ponganis, K.V. 2004. Deep dives and aortic temperatures of emperor penguins: new directions for bio-logging at the isolated dive hole. In Naito, Y. Bio-Logging Science. Memoirs of the National Institute of Polar Research, Special Issue No. 58: 155-161. National Institute of Polar Research. Tokyo.
Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Levenson, D.H., Knower, T., Ponganis, K.V., and Marshall, G. (2003). Regional heterothermy and conservation of core temperature in emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 135: 477-487.
Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., and Ridgway, S.H. (2003). Comparative Diving Physiology. In (Brubakk, A.O., and Neuman, T.S.). Physiology and Medicine of Diving. Saunders. Edinburgh. 779pp.
Van Dam, R.P., Ponganis, P.J., Ponganis, K.V., Levenson, D.H., and Marshall, G. 2002. Stroke frequencies of emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Journal of Experimental Biology 205: 3769-3774.
Nagy, K.A., Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. (2001). Energetic cost of foraging in free-diving emperor penguins. Physiological and Biochemical Zoology 74: 541-547.
Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Knower, T., and Levenson, D.H. (2001). Temperature regulation in emperor penguins foraging under sea ice. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 129: 811-820.
Ponganis, P.J., Van Dam, R.P., Marshall, G., Knower, T., and Levenson, D.H. (2000). Sub-ice foraging behavior of emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 203, 3275-3278.
Ponganis, P.J., and Kooyman, G.L. (2000). Diving physiology of birds: the influence of studies on polar species. Comparative Biochemistry and Physiology A 126: 143-151.
Ponganis, P. J., Starke, L. N., Horning, M., and Kooyman, G. L. (1999). Development of diving capacity in emperor penguins. Journal of Experimental Biology 202: 781-786.
Kooyman, G.L., Ponganis, P.J., and Howard, R. S. (1999). Diving Animals. In Lundgren, C.E.G. and Miller, J.N. (eds). The Lung at Depth. Marcel Dekker. N.Y. 686pp.
Kooyman, G.L. and Ponganis, P.J. (1998). The physiological basis of diving to depth: birds and mammals. Annual Review of Physiology 60: 19-32.
Kooyman, G.L., and Ponganis, P.J. (1997). The challenges of diving to depth. American Scientist 85: 530-539.
Ponganis, P.J., Costello,M.A., Starke, L.N., Mathieu‑Costello, O., and Kooyman, G.L. (1997) Structural and biochemical characteristics of locomotory muscle of emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri. Respiration Physiology 9: 73‑80.
Ponganis, P.J., Kooyman, G.L., Starke, L.N., Kooyman, C., and Kooyman, T. (1997) Post‑dive lactate concentrations in emperor penguins, Aptenodytes forsteri. Journal of Experimental Biology 200: 1623‑1626.
Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L., Castellini M.A. (1995) Multiple sightings of Arnoux's beaked whales along the Victoria Land Coast. Marine Mammal Science. 11: 247‑250.
Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J. (1994) Emperor penguin oxygen consumption, heart rate, and plasma lactate levels during graded swimming exercise. Journal of Experimental Biology 195: 199‑209.
Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J., Castellini M.A., Ponganis E.P., Ponganis K.V., Thorson P.H., Eckert S.A., Le Maho Y. (1992) Heart rates and swim speeds of emperor penguins diving under sea ice. Journal of Experimental Biology 165: 161‑180.
Ponganis P.J., Kooyman G.L. (1991) Diving physiology of penguins. Proceedings of Acta XX Congressus Internationalis Ornithologici, Christchurch, New Zealand, December, 1990, P.J. Butler and D.R. Jones (eds.), Wellington, NZ: New Zealand Ornithological Trust Board; pp. 1887‑1892.
Kooyman G.L., Ponganis P.J. (1990) Behavior and physiology of diving in emperor and king penguins. In: Penguin Biology. New York: Academic Press; pp. 229‑242.
